President John F. Kennedy Gives Man on the Moon Speech

President John F. Kennedy delivered this speech, Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs, on May 25, 1961 before a joint session of Congress. In this speech, JFK stated that the United States should set as a goal the landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth by the end of the decade. Acknowledging that the Soviets had a head start in their space program, Kennedy urged the U.S. to work diligently to lead the achievements of space travel because in many ways [it] may hold the key to our future on earth. Full Text of the Man on the Moon Speech Given By President John F. Kennedy Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, my copartners in Government, gentlemen-and ladies: The Constitution imposes upon me the obligation to from time to time give to the Congress information of the State of the Union. While this has traditionally been interpreted as an annual affair, this tradition has been broken in extraordinary times. These are extraordinary times. And we face an extraordinary challenge. Our strength as well as our convictions have imposed upon this nation the role of leader in freedoms cause. No role in history could be more difficult or more important. We stand for freedom. That is our conviction for ourselves--that is our only commitment to others. No friend, no neutral and no adversary should think otherwise. We are not against any man--or any nation--or any system--except as it is hostile to freedom. Nor am I here to present a new military doctrine, bearing any one name or aimed at any one area. I am here to promote the freedom doctrine. I. THE GLOBAL STAGE The great battleground for the defense and expansion of freedom today is the whole southern half of the globe--Asia, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East--the lands of the rising peoples. Their revolution is the greatest in human history. They seek an end to injustice, tyranny, and exploitation. More than an end, they seek a beginning. And theirs is a revolution which we would support regardless of the Cold War, and regardless of which political or economic route they should choose to freedom. For the adversaries of freedom did not create the revolution; nor did they create the conditions which compel it. But they are seeking to ride the crest of its wave--to capture it for themselves. Yet their aggression is more often concealed than open. They have fired no missiles; and their troops are seldom seen. They send arms, agitators, aid, technicians and propaganda to every troubled area. But where fighting is required, it is usually done by others--by guerrillas striking at night, by assassins striking alone--assassins who have taken the lives of four thousand civil officers in the last twelve months in Vietnam alone--by subversives and saboteurs and insurrectionists, who in some cases control whole areas inside of independent nations. [At this point the following paragraph, which appears in the text as signed and transmitted to the Senate and House of Representatives, was omitted in the reading of the message: They possess a powerful intercontinental striking force, large forces for conventional war, a well-trained underground in nearly every country, the power to conscript talent and manpower for any purpose, the capacity for quick decisions, a closed society without dissent or free information, and long experience in the techniques of violence and subversion. They make the most of their scientific successes, their economic progress and their pose as a foe of colonialism and friend of popular revolution. They prey on unstable or unpopular governments, unsealed, or unknown boundaries, unfilled hopes, convulsive change, massive poverty, illiteracy, unrest and frustration.] With these formidable weapons, the adversaries of freedom plan to consolidate their territory--to exploit, to control, and finally to destroy the hopes of the worlds newest nations; and they have ambition to do it before the end of this decade. It is a contest of will and purpose as well as force and violence--a battle for minds and souls as well as lives and territory. And in that contest, we cannot stand aside. We stand, as we have always stood from our earliest beginnings, for the independence and equality of all nations. This nation was born of revolution and raised in freedom. And we do not intend to leave an open road for despotism. There is no single simple policy which meets this challenge. Experience has taught us that no one nation has the power or the wisdom to solve all the problems of the world or manage its revolutionary tides--that extending our commitments does not always increase our security--that any initiative carries with it the risk of a temporary defeat--that nuclear weapons cannot prevent subversion--that no free people can be kept free without will and energy of their own--and that no two nations or situations are exactly alike. Yet there is much we can do--and must do. The proposals I bring before you are numerous and varied. They arise from the host of special opportunities and dangers which have become increasingly clear in recent months. Taken together, I believe that they can mark another step forward in our effort as a people. I am here to ask the help of this Congress and the nation in approving these necessary measures. II. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS AT HOME The first and basic task confronting this nation this year was to turn recession into recovery. An affirmative anti-recession program, initiated with your cooperation, supported the natural forces in the private sector; and our economy is now enjoying renewed confidence and energy. The recession has been halted. Recovery is under way. But the task of abating unemployment and achieving a full use of our resources does remain a serious challenge for us all. Large-scale unemployment during a recession is bad enough, but large-scale unemployment during a period of prosperity would be intolerable. I am therefore transmitting to the Congress a new Manpower Development and Training program, to train or retrain several hundred thousand workers, particularly in those areas where we have seen chronic unemployment as a result of technological factors in new occupational skills over a four-year period, in order to replace those skills made obsolete by automation and industrial change with the new skills which the new processes demand. It should be a satisfaction to us all that we have made great strides in restoring world confidence in the dollar, halting the outflow of gold and improving our balance of payments. During the last two months, our gold stocks actually increased by seventeen million dollars, compared to a loss of 635 million dollars during the last two months of 1960. We must maintain this progress--and this will require the cooperation and restraint of everyone. As recovery progresses, there will be temptations to seek unjustified price and wage increases. These we cannot afford. They will only handicap our efforts to compete abroad and to achieve full recovery here at home. Labor and management must--and I am confident that they will--pursue responsible wage and price policies in these critical times. I look to the Presidents Advisory Committee on  Labor Management  Policy to give a strong lead in this direction. Moreover, if the  budget deficit  now increased by the needs of our security is to be held within manageable proportions, it will be necessary to hold tightly to prudent fiscal standards; and I request the cooperation of the Congress in this regard--to refrain from adding funds or programs, desirable as they may be, to the Budget--to end the postal deficit, as my predecessor also recommended, through increased rates--a deficit incidentally, this year, which exceeds the fiscal 1962 cost of all the space and defense measures that I am submitting today--to provide full pay-as-you-go highway financing--and to close those tax loopholes earlier specified. Our security and progress cannot be cheaply purchased; and their price must be found in what we all forego as well as what we all must pay. III. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL PROGRESS ABROAD I stress the strength of our economy because it is essential to the strength of our nation. And what is true in our case is true in the case of other countries. Their strength in the struggle for freedom depends on the strength of their economic and their social progress. We would be badly mistaken to consider their problems in military terms alone. For no amount of arms and armies can help stabilize those governments which are unable or unwilling to achieve social and economic reform and development. Military pacts cannot help nations whose social injustice and economic chaos invite insurgency and penetration and subversion. The most skillful counter-guerrilla efforts cannot succeed where the local population is too caught up in its own misery to be concerned about the advance of communism. But for those who share this view, we stand ready now, as we have in the past, to provide generously of our skills, and our capital, and our food to assist the peoples of the less-developed nations to reach their goals in freedom--to help them before they are engulfed in crisis. This is also our great opportunity in 1961. If we grasp it, then subversion to prevent its success is exposed as an unjustifiable attempt to keep these nations from either being free or equal. But if we do not pursue it, and if they do not pursue it, the bankruptcy of unstable governments, one by one, and of unfilled hopes will surely lead to a series of totalitarian receiverships. Earlier in the year, I outlined to the Congress a new program for aiding emerging nations; and it is my intention to transmit shortly draft legislation to implement this program, to establish a new Act for International Development, and to add to the figures previously requested, in view of the swift pace of critical events, an additional 250 million dollars for a Presidential Contingency Fund, to be used only upon a Presidential determination in each case, with regular and complete reports to the Congress in each case, when there is a sudden and extraordinary drain upon our regular funds which we cannot foresee--as illustrated by recent events in Southeast Asia--and it makes necessary the use of this emergency reserve. The total amount requested--now raised to 2.65 billion dollars--is both minimal and crucial. I do not see how anyone who is concerned--as we all are--about the growing threats to freedom around the globe--and who is asking what more we can do as a people--can weaken o r oppose the single most important program available for building the frontiers of freedom. IV. TOOLS FOR A GLOBAL STRUGGLE All that I have said makes it clear that we are engaged in a world-wide struggle in which we bear a heavy burden to preserve and promote the ideals that we share with all mankind, or have alien ideals forced upon them. That struggle has highlighted the role of our Information Agency. It is essential that the funds previously requested for this effort be not only approved in full but increased by 2 million, 400 thousand dollars, to a total of 121 million dollars. This new request is for additional radio and television to Latin America and Southeast Asia. These tools are particularly effective and essential in the cities and villages of those great continents as a means of reaching millions of uncertain peoples to tell them of our interest in their fight for freedom. In Latin America, we are proposing to increase our Spanish and Portuguese broadcasts to a total of 154 hours a week, compared to 42 hours today, none of which is in Portuguese, the language of about one-third of the people of South America. The Soviets, Red Chinese and satellites already broadcast into Latin America more than 134 hours a week in Spanish and Portuguese. Communist China alone does more public information broadcasting in our own hemisphere than we do. Moreover, powerful propaganda broadcasts from Havana now are heard throughout Latin America, encouraging new revolutions in several countries. Similarly, in Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Thailand, we must communicate our determination and support to those upon whom our hopes for resisting the communist tide in that continent ultimately depend. Our interest is in the truth. V. OUR PARTNERSHIP FOR SELF-DEFENSE But while we talk of sharing and building and the competition of ideas, others talk of arms and threaten war. So we have learned to keep our defenses strong--and to cooperate with others in a partnership of self-defense. The events of recent weeks have caused us to look anew at these efforts. The center of freedoms defense is our network of world alliances, extending from NATO, recommended by a  Democratic President  and approved by a Republican Congress, to SEATO, recommended by a  Republican President  and approved by a Democratic Congress. These alliances were constructed in the 1940s and 1950s--it is our task and responsibility in the 1960s to strengthen them. To meet the changing conditions of power--and power relationships have changed--we have endorsed an increased emphasis on NATOs conventional strength. At the same time we are affirming our conviction that the NATO nuclear deterrent must also be kept strong. I have made clear our intention to commit to the NATO command, for this purpose, the 5 Polaris submarines originally suggested by  President Eisenhower, with the possibility, if needed, of more to come. Second, a major part of our partnership for self-defense is the Military Assistance Program. The main burden of local defense against local attack, subversion, insurrection or guerrilla warfare must of necessity rest with local forces. Where these forces have the necessary will and capacity to cope with such threats, our intervention is rarely necessary or helpful. Where the will is present and only capacity is lacking, our Military Assistance Program can be of help. But this program, like economic assistance, needs a new emphasis. It cannot be extended without regard to the social, political and military reforms essential to internal respect and stability. The equipment and training provided must be tailored to legitimate local needs and to our own foreign and military policies, not to our supply of military stocks or a local leaders desire for military display. And military assistance can, in addition to its military purposes, make a contribution to economic progress, as do our own Army Engineers. In an earlier message, I requested 1.6 billion dollars for Military Assistance, stating that this would maintain existing force levels, but that I could not foresee how much more might be required. It is now clear that this is not enough. The present crisis in Southeast Asia, on which the  Vice President  has made a valuable report--the rising threat of communism in  Latin America--the increased arms traffic in Africa--and all the new pressures on every nation found on the map by tracing your fingers along the borders of the Communist bloc in Asia and the Middle East--all make clear the dimension of our needs. I therefore request the Congress to provide a total of 1.885 billion dollars for Military Assistance in the coming fiscal year--an amount less than that requested a year ago--but a minimum which must be assured if we are to help those nations make secure their independence. This must be prudently and wisely spent--and that will be our common endeavor. Military and economic assistance has been a heavy burden on our citizens for a long time, and I recognize the strong pressures against it; but this battle is far from over, it is reaching a crucial stage, and I believe we should participate in it. We cannot merely state our opposition to totalitarian advance without paying the price of helping those now under the greatest pressure. VI. OUR OWN MILITARY AND INTELLIGENCE SHIELD In line with these developments, I have directed a further reinforcement of our own capacity to deter or resist non-nuclear aggression. In the conventional field, with one exception, I find no present need for large new levies of men. What is needed is rather a change of position to give us still further increases in flexibility. Therefore, I am directing the Secretary of Defense to undertake a reorganization and modernization of the Armys divisional structure, to increase its non-nuclear firepower, to improve its tactical mobility in any environment, to insure its flexibility to meet any direct or indirect threat, to facilitate its coordination with our major allies, and to provide more modern mechanized divisions in Europe and bring their equipment up to date, and new airborne brigades in both the Pacific and Europe. And secondly, I am asking the Congress for an additional 100 million dollars to begin the procurement task necessary to re-equip this new Army structure with the most modern material. New helicopters, new armored personnel carriers, and new howitzers, for example, must be obtained now. Third, I am directing the Secretary of Defense to expand rapidly and substantially, in cooperation with our Allies, the orientation of existing forces for the conduct of non-nuclear war, paramilitary operations and sub-limited or unconventional wars. In addition our special forces and unconventional warfare units will be increased and reoriented. Throughout the services new emphasis must be placed on the special skills and languages which are required to work with local populations. Fourth, the Army is developing plans to make possible a much more rapid deployment of a major portion of its highly trained reserve forces. When these plans are completed and the reserve is strengthened, two combat-equipped divisions, plus their supporting forces, a total of 89,000 men, could be ready in an emergency for operations with but 3 weeks notice--2 more divisions with but 5 weeks notice--and six additional divisions and their supporting forces, making a total of 10 divisions, could be deployable with less than 8 weeks notice. In short, these new plans will allow us to almost double the combat power of the Army in less than two months, compared to the nearly nine months heretofore required. Fifth, to enhance the already formidable ability of the Marine Corps to respond to limited war emergencies, I am asking the Congress for 60 million dollars to increase the Marine Corps strength to 190,000 men. This will increase the initial impact and staying power of our three Marine divisions and three air wings, and provide a trained nucleus for further expansion, if necessary for self-defense. Finally, to cite one other area of activities that are both legitimate and necessary as a means of self-defense in an age of hidden perils, our whole intelligence effort must be reviewed, and its coordination with other elements of policy assured. The Congress and the American people are entitled to know that we will institute whatever new organization, policies, and control are necessary. VII. CIVIL DEFENSE One major element of the  national security program  which this nation has never squarely faced up to is civil defense. This problem arises not from present trends but from national inaction in which most of us have participated. In the past decade we have intermittently considered a variety of programs, but we have never adopted a consistent policy. Public considerations have been largely characterized by apathy, indifference and skepticism; while, at the same time, many of the civil defense plans have been so far-reaching and unrealistic that they have not gained essential support. This Administration has been looking hard at exactly what civil defense can and cannot do. It cannot be obtained cheaply. It cannot give an assurance of blast protection that will be proof against surprise attack or guaranteed against obsolescence or destruction. And it cannot deter a nuclear attack. We will deter an enemy from making a nuclear attack only if our retaliatory power is so strong and so invulnerable that he knows he would be destroyed by our response. If we have that strength, civil defense is not needed to deter an attack. If we should ever lack it, civil defense would not be an adequate substitute. But this deterrent concept assumes rational calculations by rational men. And the history of this planet, and particularly the history of the 20th century, is sufficient to remind us of the possibilities of an irrational attack, a miscalculation, an accidental war, [or a war of escalation in which the stakes by each side gradually increase to the point of maximum danger] which cannot be either foreseen or deterred. It is on this basis that civil defense can be readily justifiable--as insurance for the civilian population in case of an enemy miscalculation. It is insurance we trust will never be needed--but insurance which we could never forgive ourselves for foregoing in the event of catastrophe. Once the validity of this concept is recognized, there is no point in delaying the initiation of a nation-wide long-range program of identifying present fallout shelter capacity and providing shelter in new and existing structures. Such a program would protect millions of people against the hazards of radioactive fallout in the event of large-scale nuclear attack. Effective performance of the entire program not only requires new legislative authority and more funds but also sound organizational arrangements. Therefore, under the authority vested in me by Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1958, I am assigning responsibility for this program to the top civilian authority already responsible for continental defense, the Secretary of Defense. It is important that this function remain civilian, in nature and leadership; and this feature will not be changed. The Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization will be reconstituted as a small staff agency to assist in the coordination of these functions. To more accurately describe its role, its title should be changed to the Office of Emergency Planning. As soon as those newly charged with these responsibilities have prepared new authorization and appropriation requests, such requests will be transmitted to the Congress for a much-strengthened Federal-State civil defense program. Such a program will provide Federal funds for identifying fallout shelter capacity in existing, structures, and it will include, where appropriate, incorporation of shelter in Federal buildings, new requirements for shelter in buildings constructed with  Federal assistance, and matching grants and other incentives for constructing shelter in State and local and private buildings. Federal appropriations for civil defense in fiscal 1962 under this program will in all likelihood be more than triple the pending budget requests; and they will increase sharply in subsequent years. Financial participation will also be required from State and local governments and from private citizens. But no insurance is cost-free; and every American citizen and his community must decide for themselves whether this form of survival insurance justifies the expenditure of effort, time and money. For myself, I am convinced that it does. VIII. DISARMAMENT I cannot end this discussion of defense and armaments without emphasizing our strongest hope: the creation of an orderly world where disarmament will be possible. Our aims do not prepare for war--they are efforts to discourage and resist the adventures of others that could end in war. That is why it is consistent with these efforts that we continue to press for properly safeguarded disarmament measures. At Geneva, in cooperation with the United Kingdom, we have put forward concrete proposals to make clear our wish to meet the Soviets half way in an effective nuclear test ban treaty--the first significant but essential step on the road towards disarmament. Up to now, their response has not been what we hoped, but Mr. Dean returned last night to Geneva, and we intend to go the last mile in patience to secure this gain if we can.

The Legend Of Chun Hyang - 1119 Words

Comics, since their conception, have been seen as an immature media that is strictly pop culture without the ability to pass substantive messages. However, the quantities of people who read and share comic books provide open pathway to idea sharing. The Legend of Chun Hyang I is an example of this cultural messaging through this medium. Written in 1992, as Asian cultures were joining the globalizing world, this manga represented cultural hybridity as a Korean folktale being represented by a Japanese company. The storyline is relatable for young girls who want to be independent no matter which country they are from. Chun Hyang as a character in the work is not close to the actual Korean storyline. However, she is closer to the ideal manga heroine who is pretty but brave, and independent but in love. Chun Hyang represents the move towards a more universal Asian feeling and closeness between the Japanese and Korean pop cultures. Chun Hyang is the story of a young girl who grows up wit hout a father, her mother is a famous medicine woman. Chun Hyang, the main character, is a independent and strong willed young lady who fights back against the oppressive town head or Yang Ban. Chung Hyang meets a young man named Mong Ryong who ends up falling in love with her. After the Yang Ban kidnapped her, Chun Hyang s mother killed herself to protect herself and her daughter. Chun Hyang avenges her mothers death with the help of Mong Ryong as the Am-Hang-Osa, the highest ruler in the

First World War Sources Questions Free Essays

The sources 8,9 and 10 can all be used as evidence about the role of generals in the First World War. However, the reliability of the sources can be questioned. Source 8 is in the form of a novel. We will write a custom essay sample on First World War Sources Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now This could mean, as the source is not entirely genuine, that some of the information is exaggerated. Another reason why this source may not be correct is the date that it was written. By 1989 many of the memories and much of the information has become distorted or ‘hazy’. This could mean that, again, the information in the source is not wholly correct. Source 9 is a soldiers song from the war. This kind of song is usually extremely biased, as it often shows the true feelings of the soldiers who wrote and sang it. Also it maybe exaggerated and may not indicate actual information, affecting how reliable it is as evidence. However, songs and poems can give us an accurate representation of soldiers feelings about the subject. This is due to the fact that, although letters and the like are censored for content considered to be delicate or critical, songs and poems are not usually censored. This is strengthened by the fact that it agrees with sources 2 and 3, which are soldiers views of Haig. In addition, this song is primary information and the views will not have been changed over time. However, it does not agree with source 12, by Marshall Foch, who worked with Haig, and says he was â€Å"wise, loyal and energetic†, contradicting evidence from the song about how Haig did not actually contribute to the war effort. Source 10 is written as a poem. It was written during the war by a soldier who fought in the war, and therefore would be accurate and unchanged. However the soldier, Siegfried Sassoon, was injured in the Battle of Arras, and therefore would have bitter feelings, and would possibly even feel vengeful of the leadership of the army. Sassoon also protested against the war after speaking to two pacifists and was sent to a wartime mental institute to recover from shellshock, to cover up the protest, instead of the usual punishment for that kind of thing. This source was also written after the major battles of 1916 and 1917, when the attitude towards General Haig had changed somewhat, because of the mass fatalities and casualty numbers. Source 9 says that Haig â€Å"boasts and skites†. This indicates that Haig is arrogant and boastful, a suggestion which is mirrored in sources 2 and 3 which criticise Haig’s leadership, and source 8, when the clearing of the dead from the battlefield at night is likened to â€Å"clearing the table ready for the Generals next game of soldiers†. This is seen as an everyday thing which does not require much thought. This also suggests that Haig was childish and incompetent, as a game of soldiers is associated with childhood games. The suggestion of incompetence is confirmed by source 10: â€Å"he did for them both by his plan of attack†. This agrees with sources 2 and 3 where Haig is called a â€Å"butcher†. However, this is again disputed by source 12, but also by source 13, which shows Haig to be thoughtful and wise. Source 11, also, says that it was due to Haig’s â€Å"grim determination† and â€Å"organisational ability† that the war was won. Source 4 agrees with this by saying he felt â€Å"quite sad† about the deaths of the men. However, this suggests that he is unfit to lead the army as he cannot plan an efficient attack which minimises the numbers of casualties. As these sources tend to agree on these subjects, it suggests that the sources are more reliable. Source 9 says that Haig was â€Å"safely in the rear†, which is consolidated by source 3, which says that he lived â€Å"50 kilometres behind the line†. This also suggests that the source is more reliable as it is backed up by other sources. 6. (a) Sources 11, 12 and 13 all complement Haig as being a very worthy leader of the British army. Source 11 begins by saying how David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister did not have a lot of faith in Haig’s ability, and that he removed the Generals command. This shows that other people did not believe that Haig was a good general. However, source 11 goes on to say that Haig worked with the Allied commander, Foch. The source says that it was due to Haig’s â€Å"organisational ability† and â€Å"grim determination† that the German army was eventually defeated. This shows that Haig had the skills required to be a good general, and that he had the ability to lead the British army. Source 12 describes Haig’s policy as being â€Å"wise, loyal and energetic†. This means that the Allied Commander believed fully in the General. This shows that Haig was intelligent and that he was devoted to his country. Source 13, by Haig himself, highlights qualities in Haig. He says â€Å"I think this is a mistake, because it is merely laying up trouble for the future†. This shows that he is looking to the future, and using foresight. This agrees with the previous source, which said that Haig was â€Å"wise†. He also demonstrates intelligence by saying he doubts whether Germany are â€Å"sufficiently low yet†. He is also demonstrating humanitarianism by saying that he thinks that punishing Germany is a â€Å"mistake†. This evidence all shows that Haig is a wise, worthy leader. 6. (b) There is an important reason why the views expressed in sources 11, 12 and 13 are different to those expressed in sources 8, 9 and 10. This is because the writers of these sources have entirely different perspectives of the war. In sources 8, 9 and 10, the writers all have very narrow perspectives of the war. Source 8 is written from a soldiers point of view. This means all the soldier would see and think about would be his own trench, the bad conditions, and the amount of people dying around him. He would also see horrific diseases, such as trench foot, knee deep mud and rats. Therefore, from this, the soldier may blame the commanders, as they are seen as living â€Å"50 kilometres behind the line†, (source 3), in relative luxury. Sources 9 and 10 would also have this attitude as they are also written by, or about soldiers. Sources 11, 12 and 13 are all written by socially higher, higher ranking people, or, in the case of source 11, an historian with a wider perspective and hindsight. These people have a different view to that of the soldiers in that they weigh up land gained against the number of casualties. From this point of view, the General would not seem as bad as from the perspective of the soldiers, who only see terrible conditions and men being killed around them, as in, for example, the battle of the Somme, where conditions were terrible, and huge amounts of men were dying. The General also had a political agenda, and had other things to think about other than conditions of trenches and the things that concerned the men. All the writers of these sources are from similar social classes, and would probably ‘stick together’. This may provide another explanation for the attitude taken. In source 11, it mentions that David Lloyd George, the British Prime Minister at the time, did not have as much faith in Haig as, for example, Foch. Lloyd George did not bestow this confidence on Haig because of the heavy losses at Passchendaele. Therefore, it could be said that Lloyd George is agreeing with the like of the writers of sources 8, 9 and 10, and supporting their ideas. This is also suggesting that Haig executed wrong decisions, and his leadership should be questioned, in accordance with the soldiers views. 7. There are a number of factors which could make it seem that the allied victories of 1918 were gained â€Å"against overwhelming odds†. To begin with, the Bolshevik revolution in Russia meant that Russia left the war, causing an influx of German soldiers leaving the Russian front line, and arriving at the Western front. This would mean, that if the battles were won, they would have been won against overwhelming odds due to the sheer numbers of troops on the Western front line. In addition to this, Turkey was also repelling troops away from its fronts, adding to the problems and odds of British victory. The Battle of the Somme was seen as one of the worst battles during World War One. Thousands of men were killed on the first day alone. However, there was very little land gained from the battle. The reason that the offensive was such a failure was that the artillery fire which was supposed to destroy all German forces and bunkers failed. As this failed, as soon as the artillery barrage ceased, the Allied troops went to the German strongholds where they expected there to be little or no resistance. However, the German machine gun posts had been set up, and the men were killed by the hundred. Also, the barbed wire, which was supposedly cut very well, was cut in scarce places, so that the machine gunners merely had to point at a single place and fire. This meant that casualty numbers were enormous. However, the British army learnt many lessons from this battle and were, it is said, transformed into professionals from this battle. Thus, battles such as the Battle of Cambrai, in 1918, were won easily and effectively with low numbers of casualties. Therefore, the battles could be seen to have been won against overwhelming odds. However, there was a bad effect on morale due to the losses of the Battle of the Somme, and also due to battles such as Ypres and Passchendaele. This can be seen from sources 2,3,8 and 9. Source 2 says that Haig was known as the â€Å"butcher† around 1917, which would be just after the major battles. Source 3 â€Å"I don’t think he knew what a trench was like†, while source 8 says the General was playing a â€Å"game of soldiers, and source 9- â€Å"the men who really did the job are dead and in their grave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The soldiers are all are very bitter and angry towards Haig and the leadership. This was because weapons were not integrated into tactics properly (like the tank at the Battle of the Somme), the tactics were poor, and bad decisions were made on the part of the Generals, such as where to fire the artillery at the Somme. Therefore this shows that the battles that were won in 1918 were won against overwhelming odds due to low morale, bad tactics, and badly integrated weapons. There were other problems with British tactics. One was that the British leader’s mentality was that of offensive warfare, they had an ‘attacking mentality’. This meant that they did not believe in defence, and because the Germans used the machine gun so effectively, there were huge odds against the British troops gaining any ground at all. Also, the British did not properly utilise the machine gun to its full capacity, and therefore were not as defensively capable as the Germans. As a result of this, the German Ludendorff offensive, operation Michael, very nearly succeeded, with the allies only just managing to hold their line. The allies learnt important lessons from this, and were much more defensive. Tanks were also a failure in their trial run, as sources 6 and 7 support. Source 6 says that â€Å"twenty-eight broke down†¦ and the remaining thirty-two scurried into the mud†. Overall, much of the new British weaponry was not properly blended with th e tactics. This meant that it was very unlikely that any land could be gained. There are, however, reasons which make it seem that the battles were not so difficult, and that the odds were easy. One important factor which supports this is that America joined the war. By doing this they brought with them money, expertise, and overall, more troops. This boosted morale, and the numbers of troops on all fronts was increased. There were other major factors which possibly helped the allies to win victories. The German troops were hit by Spanish Influenza, causing them to lose many men before they even got to the fronts. This reduced the numbers of opposing troops, and so allowed the allies easier victories. In addition to this, Italy left Germany’s side, and, as a result, Germany had less troops, and the allies had more. This hindered Germany, and coupled with the loss of troops through Spanish ‘Flu, caused a large problem. Another problem for the German’s was the submarine blockade by the allies, which meant that they were running low on supplies, and were struggling to keep going on the supplies they had. Although the Tank was used poorly in the Somme, it was greatly improved, and used to it’s full potential in the Battle of Cambrai in 1918. This gave the allies a huge advantage, and weakened the odds against victory. This is backed by historian Gary Sheffield- â€Å"the British army is an effective fighting machine†. In source 7, it justifies Haig’s use of Tanks because of the need to break the stalemate on the western front. In addition there is the need for an actual trial run to test the tanks on the battlefield. – John Terraine also says that the Allied leaders deserve more credit than they were given. This can be justified and refuted by a number of points. Firstly, the allied leaders were criticised for using bad tactics, and for not caring about men’s lives. However, if the leadership was so terrible, why were the generals not replaced? Also, the generals were given rewards at the end of the war, and this may not have happened if the leaders were as bad as is said. The leaders were seen as terrible because of the nature of the job they did. Whatever they did, men would die, and Haig saw this. Also, the Generals were under tight scrutiny, and what they did was being seen for the first time, so naturally people were shocked. However, Haig could not have been sacked due to the huge amount of public scrutiny. If he was sacked, there would be an outcry that the army was being led by an incapable leader, and this would lead to lower morale, and men would stop joining up. Haig was also good friends with the King and was in a high up social position. Therefore it would be hard to sack him. There was also no-one to replace him that was seen to be well enough qualified. However, if Haig just took for granted that whatever he did, men would die, then possibly he would not try to prevent this. Haig’s plan was â€Å"to kill more Germans than they could kill British†. These are terrible tactics to employ, but that was the way he was taught to look at it. Also, there was no evidence that British losses were any higher than those of the other countries. Therefore there is evidence for and against the argument of whether the generals have been given enough credit. One of the major criticisms displayed in the sources written by soldiers is that Haig lived so far behind the line. Source 3 says â€Å"he lived almost 50 kilometres behind the line†. However, there was no need for him to live close to the line. He was required to have a wide perspective of all the fronts and living close to the front line would not allow this. He also thought that he needed to distance himself from his officers, so as to inspire confidence. However, the criticism against this is that as a result of this, he had â€Å"no idea of what he was sending men into†, says Laffin, a reliable historian. This would affect his judgement, and it could be said that he did not care about his men if he did not even know where he was sending them. This is backed by source 3 which says â€Å"I don’t think he knew what a trench was like†. It is also backed by source 4, which says I feel quite sad at times when I see them march past me†, and source 10: â€Å"When we met him last week on our way to the line†. This shows that he is not very sad about the fact that these men will probably die. Also, it agrees with the fact that he lives a long way behind the line. A point which backs Haig’s tactics is that Haig was taught to lead the way he lead. At school, Haig was taught to attack, and not defend, thus it can be understood why he did not properly know how to use weapons like the machine gun. Also, he was using the 1900 cavalry training manual, considered to be standard military doctrine, which concentrates a lot on horses and cavalry, rather than new, more modern techniques. This is strengthened by sources 6 and 7, which say that he hoped to use the tanks he had to â€Å"give him the edge†. However, he should possibly have made the effort to change the ways he commanded the army, in line with the modern advances in weaponry. Also, although Haig was taught to always attack, and that defence was cowardly, tactics change, and he possibly should have adapted to counter the changes. Haig was taught to compare the land gained to the men lost. He was also taught to not be bothered by large numbers of deaths so long as it was justifiable. A possible reason for this is that he believed very strongly in the presence of God at his side. Although rather optimistic, he believed that God would see him through and help him to win the battle. He also believed that men that died on the battlefield for their country went merely to â€Å"a different room†, and that because they had died patriotically that they would be greatly honoured in death. Haig was seen to be a good commander who motivated his officers, although one of his main failings was that he did not correct mistakes, he merely stood back and let them continue, a failing that is very significant when training officers. Haig said that it was not his job to direct the army, that that was the job of his subordinates, and that he just trains and prepares the army. However, if he does not correct mistakes, then he cannot be training the army very well. Haig was heavily criticised for the mass fatalities at the battle of Passchendaele. Many men died there, and Haig lost a lot of credibility from the failure. Objectives were not met either, although there could be an explanation for Haig’s failure here and at the Somme and Ypres. Haig’s Chief of Intelligence continued to tell him that the German’s were on the brink of defeat, and that one more wave of men would finish them. This was not always entirely true, although Haig had no evidence to suggest otherwise. Therefore, the fact that tactics were repeatedly bad, and that many men lost their lives could be explained. However, Haig repeatedly went against the advice of his second-in-command, and the government, especially about the Somme. He was advised about which areas of the Somme to bomb, and he also was advised to call off the Somme offensive. It was said that it was not even realistically possible to gain any land from the Somme campaign anyway. This could, however, be explained by the feed of wrong intelligence mentioned earlier. There was a wide perception that the war would be â€Å"over by Christmas†. The Generals had to try and make this a reality, if not by Christmas, then as soon as possible after. This is shown in source 7, â€Å"I shall use what I have got, as I cannot wait any longer for them†. Therefore another reason can be offered to justify why the Generals sent in as many men as possible and bad tactics were repeated. Haig was removed temporarily and replaced by the French commander, Foch, who Haig collaborated well with. Haig was removed by Lloyd George, the British prime minister, who had very little experience of the war and had only visited the front line once, to see the son of a fellow politician in a field hospital. Therefore he could not really have made the decision of whether Haig should have been removed of not. Foch said Haig was â€Å"wise, loyal, and energetic†. Therefore the commander who Haig was replaced by says that he was a worthy commander, meaning that surely he is. There are many arguments for and against whether the victories of 1918 were won against overwhelming odds. However, from all the evidence, and the sources, the verdict can be reached that they were not. This conclusion is reached mainly because of all the hindrances upon the German army, coupled with the changing of sides by Italy, and the joining of the United States of America. All these things added together meant that although the battles of 1918 were difficult, they were not gained against â€Å"overwhelming odds†. The British army had had time to prepare, and was ready for the battles. There are also discussions about whether the Allied leaders really deserve more credit than they have already had. Again, from all the sources and evidence, the conclusion can be made that they do not deserve more credit. This is due to the fact that Haig’s tactics were dated, he did not integrate new weaponry he was given, and he did not care enough for the men’s lives that he sent into battle. Although he was given exaggerated information, and he could not have been sacked for various reasons, as Laffin said, â€Å"Haig did not win, he was there at the finish†. How to cite First World War Sources Questions, Essays

Creative Writing- Story Behind I Will Never Forgive You free essay sample

You killed my father, and for that you shall never be forgiven. As she was trying to open her eyes Her Blair’s vision was blurry; Blair was trying to open her eyes. A weird and sickening smell filtered in her nostrils, and it was awkwardly familiar. She was trying to clear her mind and started wondering: â€Å"where am I ? † but could hear no answer. Blair was finally able to get a vision of her surroundings. She was still under the shock of the accident and did had not recognized her mother sitting next to her and holding her hand. â€Å"It’s me darling, everything’s going to be okay†. Oddly enough, the more she came round, the more she drowned in her thoughts, in her consciousness. She could see the whole thing again. It upset her so much that her vital signs dropped. Nurses rushed into the room, only to see Blair going crazy and shouting her fathers’ name out loud. We will write a custom essay sample on Creative Writing- Story Behind I Will Never Forgive You or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She was babbling words no one could understand, but all she wanted was to see her father, to make sure he was okay. Very quickly, She was sedated and put to sleep. A day has passed and Blair still hasn’t hadn’t woken up. When she finally did, she decided to tell her mother and her sister what had happened. Two weeks earlier, Elie had undergone an opened-heart surgery and a post-surgery checkup was scheduled on the fifth of December. Blair was taking her father to the hospital. On their way, the weather degraded and it started raining cats and dogs, plus, the it was so foggy that her vision was impaired. Despite that, Blair stepped on the accelerator for fear of missing the doctors’ appointment. They were about to reach the hospital when she drifted to the opposite lane and crashed into a huge truck. It all came back to her very quickly. Suddenly, she had trouble breathing, her vision went blank and she passed out. Three days later, Blair opened her eyes again; she had passed out twice in the last four days. No one was in the room, but Blair’s alone time but that did not last long. Her mother and her sister soon came in the room followed by a doctor. Both women were in tears; the girl’s expression was quizzical, wanting to know what it all was about. After hesitating for a a moment of hesitation, the doctor broke the bad news on Blair: that her father had to be taken off life support system since keeping him alive with some machines won’t save him as he had no chance to survive and he was in unbearable pain. Blair busted burst in tears, and Renee being so close to her father ever since she was born shouted: â€Å"I will never forgive you for what you did Blair†, then she sprinted rushed to her father’s room to see him one last time. This day was by far the worst day the three women had ever gone through. The priest was saying a prayer in at Elie’s funerals so thatfor his soul can could rest in peace. But Renee was not listening. All the beautiful memories of the best moments spent with her father were flashing back in her head. Tears were racing down her cheeks; her eyes were bloody red and her skin extremely pale. She couldn’t accept the fact that her father wasn’t going to be around her anymore; she needed him next to her in her life, to protect her from everything that could harm her. She then went in front of everybody to say a word about her father, her voice was shaking: â€Å"Dad, you have always had your arms wide-opened for me to come protect myself me in-between them, but now that you’re gone, I wish you’d be my guardian angel and protect me from above†.

Exam Review Essays - Mechanics, Physics, Classical Mechanics

Exam Review UNIT 1 KINEMATICS Chapter 2: Describing Motion Acceleration / Time graph What does the vertical axis represent on an acceleration graph? The vertical axis represents the acceleration of the object. What does the slope represent on an acceleration graph? The slope of an acceleration graph represents a quantity called the jerk. The jerk is the rate of change of the acceleration. jerk= t / a What does the area represent on an acceleration graph? The area under an acceleration graph represents the change in velocity. In other words, the area under the acceleration graph for a certain time interval is equal to the change in velocity during that time interval. area= v Velocity / Time Graph What does the vertical axis represent on a velocity graph? The vertical axis represents the velocity of the object. This probably sounds obvious, but be forewarnedvelocity graphs are notoriously difficult to interpret. People get so used to finding velocity by determining the slopeas would be done with a position graphthey forget that for velocity graphs the value of the vertical axis is giving the velocity. What does the slope represent on a velocity graph? The slope of a velocity graph represents the acceleration of the object. So, the value of the slope at a particular time represents the acceleration of the object at that instant. slope= rise over run = v2-v1 divided by t2-t1 = t divided by v slope=acceleration What does the area under a velocity graph represent? The area under a velocity graph represents the displacement of the object. To see why, consider the following graph of motion that shows an object maintaining a constant velocity of 6 meters per second for a time of 5 seconds. Position / Time Graph What does the vertical axis represent on a position graph? The vertical axis represents the position of the object. For example, if you read the value of the graph below at a particular time you will get the position of the object in meters. What does the slope represent on a position graph? The slope of a position graph represents the velocity of the object. So the value of the slope at a particular time represents the velocity of the object at that instant. What does the curvature on a position graph mean? If a position graph is curved, the slope will be changing, which also means the velocity is changing. Changing velocity implies acceleration. So, curvature in a graph means the object is accelerating, changing velocity/slope . Frame of Reference : The different observations occur because the two observers are in different frames of reference . A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can be used to determine positions and velocities of objects in that frame; different frames of reference move relative to one anothe r. Vectors and Scalars : Vectors have magnitude and direction, scalars only have magnitude. Displacement: What does displacement mean? If an object moves relative to a reference framefor example, if a professor moves to the right relative to a whiteboard, or a passenger moves toward the rear of an airplanethen the object's position changes. This change in position is known as displacement. The word displacement implies that an object has moved, or has been displaced. Displacement is defined to be the change in position of an object. It can be defined mathematically with the following equation: Position : Where something is located Time Intervals : Durationofasegmentoftimewithoutreferencetowhent hetimeintervalbeginsorends Velocity - Velocity gives us information about the rate of change of your position, meaning how fast your position is changing per unit time. In physics, velocity is defined as the displacement divided by time where displacement is defined as the difference between your final and initial positions. V( ave ) = Delta D / Delta T Constant - When an object travels the same distance every second, the object is said to be moving with constant velocity . This means that the magnitude of the velocity (or speed) and the direction of the velocity both remain constant. Instantaneous - Instantaneous velocity , is simply the average velocity at a specific instant in time or over an infinitesimally small time interval. Average - average

France vs England essays

France vs England essays The rival countries of France and England both came up with a political ruling system that were opposing to each other during the seventeenth century. France developed an absolute system, while England developed a constitutional monarchy. Each of these systems came sprung about because of one major impact in the lives of the people. In France, King Louis XIV was an absolute monarch that believed that everything else should also be absolute. In England, as a result of the glorious revolution, England developed a constitutional monarchy. There were areas in which contributed to each country choosing their mode of ruler ship. Areas such as political problems, social beings, economic status, and most of all religious matters. Englands political system of constitutional monarchy was more effective than Frances approach to centralizing uniformity. In France, Louis the XIV was an absolute monarch. This meant that he was the ruler of rulers. Louis was treated as if he was God, and this was because he was viewed as God. Louis cut a deal with the Pope by telling him the he would make all of France Catholic if he would have a greater share of the more important church revenues, and more control over the Arch Bishops. He was granted his wish, so therefore the edict of Nantes was passed. Louis now had the divine right as ruler. This meant that what ever he said goes only because he was sent from God and you can never questioned anyone sent from God. This was a powerful theory because many believed in God and in the bible so they feared for their lives. Louis was called the sun king because everything radiated from him. He was able to say I am the state and everyone was to follow this. He was an absolute monarch, therefore he did what ever he had to do to make everyone else follow his rules whether it meant war or not. Lou ise only allowed the nobles who supported him to retain their titles and this was n...

People Should Get Their Animals from the Animal Shelters instead of Essay

People Should Get Their Animals from the Animal Shelters instead of Breeders - Essay Example Analyzing human love to animals Irvine stated that â€Å"there can be no single answer to the question of why people form relationships with dogs and cats because our relationships with them have not been of a universal, standard type that could generate a once-and-for-all explanation† (Irvine, 2004). Each way of understanding, describing and treating animals is brightly described throughout history. However, first of all, any person should remember that animals are our best friends which will love us in spite of everything and are incapable of betrayal. Referring to the existed situation it becomes obvious that people need to take care of somebody or something, and a dog or a cat is a good variant of an animal for adoption. Animals can make us smile, and an appeal to take an animal from the humane society/animal shelters instead of breeders becomes more and more actual nowadays. Each year, tens of thousands of homeless cats and dogs get into shelters throughout our country. R ogers mentioned that â€Å"National figures indicate that about half of the animals in shelters are euthanized for lack of good homes† (Rogers, 1998). Thus, the situation with homeless animals has achieved its peak and we should improve it as soon as possible. In such a way, I want people to know that when they buy a pet at a pet store or a breeder, they deprive the animal of the shelter a hope to gain a caring family, taste food, etc. and make it homeless again. It means that buying the pet somewhere people not only deprive a chance for shelter animals to find a new home but also support the farm for the breeding of puppies for sale.  

Product and Pricing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Product and Pricing Strategy - Essay Example te a variety of industrial and office-based computer and laptop solutions, along with state-of-the-art services, software collaborations and innovative accessories. EJ’s Innovations and More has a wide customer base for all of its electronic product offerings. This product will make full use of access to the existing customer base as they are all potential users of computers and laptops. Furthermore, they are already familiar with the brand name of EJ’s and have the trust relationship and faith in the product quality and service assurance of the company. With this product, the company is planning to target all computer and laptop users. The potential customers range from 14 year old girls and boys to aged, retired gentlemen and ladies. However, this plan outlines the target audience, described later, for this particular wave of marketing. The strategy of EJ’s Innovations and More is to offer customers a wide range of personal computers and laptops. These will be available in a variety of designs and colors, suiting the different needs and whims of the customer. They will be available in different varieties, starting with the basic computer or laptop, to the more advanced versions with greater memory capacity, RAM, accessories and additional features. The most important aspect of these computers will be that with registration, they will be ready for immediate use. They will work easily on all software platforms from other companies with minimal installation. To assist the customer, customer support teams will be available 6 days a week and helpline will be open 24/7 to answer any product related questions. The computers and laptops offered by the company will all carry the same brand promise of EJ’s which is one of complete innovation and convenience, designed to make the life of the customer easier and happier. The specific target audience of this plan includes the people aged between 40 to 70 years, especially those with some sort of impairments or

To what extent does leadership research support the idea that there is Essay - 1

To what extent does leadership research support the idea that there is one best way to lead people in organisations - Essay Example This paper touches upon these key areas to establish where leadership reigns supreme, be it a democratic form of leadership or autocratic one, and how that ‘one best way’ to lead the employees within organizations is made proper. Both democratic and autocratic forms of leadership can give rise to motivation which is the basis of knowing that employees will time and again fall down and then get up to make sure that they are positively driven to achieve the organizational objectives through research, analysis and evidence. This is bound to happen because there are times when frustration runs high and people need support from a number of directions. However, on the same token, what is most important is the self-motivation construct that wins many favors for the employees who are looking to solve a problem (Axley, 1996). Motivation is therefore dependent on the people for whom it is coming into play. An employee who is not motivated enough will perform worse off than a person who is motivated to go out there and do something on his own (Fulton, 1998). Under leadership, the seniors also enforce their say through different programs and teamwork exercises. When employees feel that they are being properly led by, jo b satisfaction is bound to happen. When job satisfaction is ensured, leadership comes about in full circle and hence the leaders are able to lead people easily. When employees are satisfied with their jobs, the task of the leader becomes easier. The leadership knows where to instill confidence and in what quantity this has to be done to derive sound results. Also what needs to be understood is the fact that more productivity will be achieved once leaders are able to do their jobs well (Butkus, 1999). Leaders are inclined to exercise restraint over employees who are motivated enough to perform their respective tasks, thus coming directly under the authoritative leadership realms. What this implies is the fact that since they

Importance Of Unity And Harmony To Plato

Importance Of Unity And Harmony To Plato Plato who lived between 427-347 B.C is known for his development of many distinct areas in philosophy such as metaphysical, epistemology, aesthetics and ethics. Plato was a prototypical philosopher whose philosophical ideas had great impact on the subsequent political theories and concepts. Platos philosophy is implied in the use of dialectic method in discussion which involves reflective insights into the nature. Also by way of cognitive optimism this method involves a belief in humans mind capacity to reach for truth and then using it for virtuous and rational ordering of human affairs (p.96). Plato holds that any conflicting interests between the different parts of humanity can be harmonized. Plato proposes a righteous and rational political system which directs to a harmonious unity in a society and that gives chance to each of its parts to develop but not at the disadvantage of others. According to Plato, the practical implementation and theoretical design of such systems is how ever not possible without virtue in a society (p.69). This paper studies the importance of unity and harmony to Plato in his philosophical concepts and how these concepts illustrate themselves at the level of individual soul as well as in the political society. This paper will also evaluate Platos understanding of these concepts and how he uses them to unjustify democratic form of government. In the Platos philosophical theories, justice is one of the most important concepts in ethics and politics. Justice may refer to individual virtue, society order or even individual rights in contrast to the general social order claims. According to Plato justice is simply speaking the truth and giving back or repaying what one has borrowed (p.5). However this definition is grounded on the traditional moral customs and may not be adequate to hold to todays challenge and the power of critical thinking. If rightfully understood, justice does not act as a special advantage to any of the factions of a city but justice represents the common good of the entire political community which is to everyones advantage. Justice provides unity in a society which is fundamental for societys health. A political order that promotes social peace in the environment of friendship and cooperation among different social groups whereby each benefits and each contributes to the common good of the society, is the best according to Plato. Unity and harmony plays a very important role in the republics politics and ethics since both the good soul and the good state are said to be harmonious (p. 99). Plato constantly argues that harmony in a society is achieved when everyone plays his or her role. From this it seems that good is generally achieved when each thing exhibits its essence harmony. However according to Plato good is not just a property that the forms have but its a force from which reality comes from. He argues that if the good is unity and harmony, it is also the first principle of everything, the standard by which everything is what it is, that has as existence and power of all its own (p.100) The courage, wisdom and moderation developed by the guardians, rulers and workers ideally give forth the justice in society which those virtues generate in the individual soul when they are nurtured by the three elements of that soul. Only when the three elements work in harmony and with intelligence under control does the individual or society attain the happiness and realization of which it is capable. In the republic he argues that the good use of a human being and his soul is to live in a just manner as well as to attain a state of unity and harmony (p.110). According to Plato every human being consist of many parts whereby each is different from the other and each has unique goals, aims and appetites. The three parts of the soul are intellect physical desires and courage. However its fundamental to conceptualize the soul as encompassing the many conflicting parts although this state of conflict is unwelcome and meaning that man must attempt to harmonize his soul. According to Pl ato man can harmonize his soul by training each part to function as dictated by nature without hampering other parts business. In this context each part of a mans soul should not only perform its function but also perform it well. So in the case of physical desires one should not look for luxurious pleasures but should look for survival and good health. When the parts of the soul are satisfying their ordinary functions well and under the direction of reason, they are then in harmony and balance with each other and at that instant the soul id unified, just, good and happy (p.99). In this context Plato implies that a mans soul cannot be in harmony when performing functions of aimed at bringing luxurious pleasures to him alone and not caring for the goodness of others. In the republic Plato states that the purpose of man is to use his mind and reason to search knowledge, truth and eventual reality. In this search man should understand that the body is a hindrance and therefore the soul should always struggle against it so as to achieve satisfaction in the individual soul as well as develop a good political society (p.296). The body always confuses the mind with all types of appetites and desires thus giving the mind time to think. According to Plato the man should therefore remove himself entirely from his body and only use it to survive. This way man will be able to reduce the impediments to in pursuing his true function to the best of his ability, for his good and the good of the entire society. This search for mans function and reaching his good life is dependent on justice and harmonization of the soul. . In todays politics its universally believed that democracy which is a government of the people for the people is the most justifiable form of political system. This form of government has two features i.e. freedom and equality which are usually conspicuous in its operations. Democracy can be expressed as the rule of people governing themselves directly or by their chosen representative. However Plato does not consider democracy to be the best form of government. Plato criticizes the unchecked and direct type of democracy of that time because of its leading styles. According to Plato democracy is largely characterised by presence of freedom, but although freedom is a true value it can also be dangerous when its in excess (p.288). When everyone is given the freedom of doing as he or she wishes then this can results to anarchy. On the other hand, in democracy there is equality which means that everyone in these systems has the right and equal capacity to rule (p.288). The right for every one to rule implies therefore that many individuals will seek power in politics not necessarily to help or lead the society but because of their personal gains. These power seeking individuals can therefore make a democratic form of government to be highly corruptible opening ways for potential dictators, demagogues and can thus lead to tyranny. For instance Hitler was democratically elected claiming that he would act on behalf of the people but then he turned to be a tyranny and worked for his own personal interests (.p.296) Plato holds that democratic political systems are and may lead from anarchy to tyranny. This system also lacks proper committed leaders with skills and morals. Though it may not happen in todays liberalized democracies the above reasons are Platos main problems with democracy. According to Plato democracy is a political system that depends on chance and thus without able and virtuous leaders it becomes a dangerous form of government. According to Plato therefore democracy is not possible without unity and harmony between the human soul and body. Harmonization of the soul helps human beings to avoid the temptations of the body such as selfishness and greed and pursue his true function which is also the way to good life in the society (p.268). Harmonization also helps man to fight all sort of bodily desires and appetites which is important for leaders in democratic forms of government. For a society to enjoy the goodness of a democratic form of government it should therefore have leaders with harmony and unity between their soul and body. Thus they will be able to guide the society for the interest and benefits of everybody and not for their own self needs. Conclusion According to Plato for one to be truly happy he or she must participate in the good and to take part in the good one must be just. However not every individual soul that is just and therefore one wonders how the unjust can be happy (p.267). Just or right means nothing thats in the interest of the more powerful. According to Plato injustice is not really ones true self justice. Therefore it should be in one interest to understand happiness. True justice and happiness is concurrently webbed together with self-justice. In the republic Socrates agrees that he also doesnt know exactly what good is but then he says we should endeavour for its knowledge since its what brings happiness. Unity and harmony are therefore important in achieving individual satisfaction and also in developing an appropriately organized political society. Platos unjustifying of democracy may however not be applicable in todays liberal democracy systems. Todays liberal democracies are not only based on freedom and e quality but also on other factors like multi party systems and rule of law.

The Use of Symbolism and Imagery in Tourneurs The Revenger’s Tragedy E

The Revenger’s Tragedy by Cyril Tourneur, was written using symbolism and imagery, which comes from the protagonist (The revenger) Vindice. A main trait of a tragedy is that there will be a downfall of a character within the play, in this case from the opening scene the protagonist, Vindice, is the clear culprit for an emotional meltdown and a tragedy all of his own. These themes of symbolism and imagery in The Revenger’s tragedy are a connection between what is right and wrong. In the first character whom is introduced into the play and is of a high social background, we know this because throughout the soliloquy Vindice speaks using Iambic pentameter (blank verse) however when the character Vindice is in disguise he speaks in prose this shows to the audience that he is not himself. The first sign of symbolism in the play is in the first soliloquy, ‘[holding a skull; he watches as]...’ this skull is a symbol of the loss of his lover Gloriana. Also an example symbolic language from Vindice when using black verse is the reference to the skull, because the skull is seen as an empty ‘shell of death’ and a picture of Gloriana, it also acts as a ornament for the audience to see while he reconstructs her ‘fill’d out’ its hollow bareness of her face and the dazzling eyes that once decorated its â⠂¬Ëœunsightly rings’. The skull of Gloriana could also symbolise the fate of Vindice, the skull acts as a constant reminder of death and it seems to be following him round where ever he goes. There is an inevitable link between the death of his ‘betrothed lady’ and the revenge he seeks upon the royal family. He is trying to set a balance by taking one life because the life of Gloriana was taken, but trying to fix a balance creates Vindice’s in... ...tement says that this family believe that raping women is acceptable because they believe that every woman would enjoy sec and he has no remorse for raping Lord Antonio’s wife. This makes the act of revenge build for Vindice because he is not only killing the Duke for one person but for two women whom were treated wrongly by the duke or his family in this case the duke’s son. The downward spiral of the character Vindice, shows a large scope of emotion, starting with a quite normal grieving process for his partner, to seeking his revenge on the Duke, this revenge soon spiralling out of his control when he decides to get revenge on the whole of the royal family because the Dukes son raped Lord Antonio’s wife. Therefore the use of symbolism and imagery works well and the play follows an effective structure in which the tragedy becomes the tragedy of Vindice alone.

Faceless Crimes

Part I. Computer crimes or cybercrimes have been on the rise since the introduction of the Internet. More so with the onset of mobility and the launch of wireless networking, the increase in mischievous computer activities was exponentially high. Since cybercrimes are considered â€Å"faceless crimes† where a criminal hacker can do their misdeeds miles or continents away, or set-up a logic bomb a few hours later, it has been more difficult to trace these malicious acts. In determining specific categories or types of IT-related attacks, it is noteworthy to examine the lists prepared by Mandia et al. (2001) in the book â€Å"Incident Response: investigating Computer Crime: 1.Denial-of-service attacks are some of the easiest incidents to respond to, because they do not involve actual intrusions. 2.Unauthorized uses of resources are typically insiders using their computers in an inappropriate manner. These investigations are often more oriented around personnel rather than technical issues. 3.Theft of information attacks involves unauthorized read-only access to information. While these are typically solved easily through configuration, it is very difficult to tell through an initial investigation if the attacker's access is read-only or actually involved a full-blown computer intrusion. 4.Vandalism is really a subset of computer intrusion, because it is not possible without access to the victim system. 5.Computer intrusions are the â€Å"mother of all incidents,† in that they require the most involved response. The best way to determine unauthorized computer access, downloading, copying and transferring of classified or confidential materials is by examining and evaluating the log files and access control lists. Unless the intruder or attacker is a sophisticated or high-caliber criminal hacker, this is the quickest and simplest method available, otherwise hiring trained professionals who will do computer forensics investigation is necessary to establish criminal liability and culpability. Part II. Depending upon the forensics investigator, there are various techniques or methodologies in investigating cybercrimes. But in general, there are four major steps namely; â€Å"evidence identification, evidence preservation, evidence analysis and evidence presentation (Solomon et al., 2005). There are two major tools required in forensics investigation, the first are the disk imaging and validating tools and the second are the forensics tools. Disk imaging and validating tools basically check the integrity of the hard disks and creates a mirror copy of the hard disk involved in the investigation. Forensics tools are the hardcore equipment that does data analysis, recovery and rebuilding, for deleted files and data. Numerous tools are available commercially on the market. One important note for an aspiring computer forensics investigator is that all tools to be utilized in the course of their trade should be properly licensed and the used is authorized by the vendor otherwise the case might be thrown out of court for using pirated or illegally purchased software. Some of the common disk imaging and validation tools as listed by Solomon et al. (2005) are: ByteBack by Tesch Assist, inc. and used for data recovery; EnCase from Guidance Software is one of the best drive duplicators; and Norton Ghost by Symantec provides the ability to create disk copies that are almost exact copies of the original. Solomon et al. (2005) also listed SMART by ASR Data Acquisition as a suite of forensics examination tool and WinHex ftom X-Ways is a universal hexadecimal editor and disk management utility.

John Kerry speech in my own words essays

John Kerry speech in my own words essays Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to thank you for coming here tonight and those of you at home watching. This election could be a major turning point in history. We have two choices. The first choice is to remain how we are now, a nation who is being lied to. We could remain a nation whose administration is corrupt. Or, we could be a nation that is told the truth; a nation whose administration isnt corrupt. We could be a nation who either agrees or disagrees over the war that we are currently divided on. And I believe that as a nation, we need to come together. We need to have a sense of unity. We need to be a nation that wont go to war over false pretenses made by our current administration. We should be a nation of rising opportunity, not the nation of shrinking opportunities for the middle class that we are today. Our health care policies or the lack there of are appalling. We also need an administration that will do whatever it takes to make sure that America is safe. When we went to war with Iraq, the nation was under the impression that Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. Now, we find out there were none, nor the technologies to make them, just the ideas. This doesnt say much for our intelligence agencies under our current president. I want to coordinate our intelligence agencies so that this does not happen again. I will improve our ability to gather, analyze, and share information so we can track down and stop terrorists before they cause harm. I will make sure our borders and airports are secure but without intruding on the publics personal liberties that way we can stop terrorists from entering our country. Here in America our police and fire fighters lack information, gear and equipment to perform their jobs as successfully as possible. I want to change that. I would like to give our police officers and fire fighters the gear, intelligence and...

Tips for Writing a Top-Notch Essay

Tips for Writing a Top-Notch Essay Writing an essay is one of the most common written tasks for students at all educational institutions. However it doesnt mean it is so easy. Writing an essay is like doing any other task. There are several steps you have to take to make your essay top-notch. Lets have a look at this process. At first, you have to determine what topic you are going to use for your essay. Try to be creative and choose something that would be interesting both to write and read about. On the other hand, even if you choose a typical topic, try to look at it from an unusual perspective. By the way, the best topic is the one you are interested in since you know a thing or two about that and also have a great opportunity to find out something new. Next, you have to write an outline of your essay. Plan how it should look like before you get down to business. Writing without knowing what exactly to write is a complete waste of time. A general rule of thumb is to divide your essay into three main parts: introduction, main body, and conclusion. It is clear that you can make lots of paragraphs, but these three parts should differ in content rather than size. Introduction, as it is understood from its name, should tell the reader what this essay is about, define the problem under consideration and create an intrigue. Thats why introduction should be persuasive to make a person continue reading it. The main body should be well-structured, i.e. all important thoughts, along with their supporting arguments, should be divided from each other by paragraphs. As for the conclusion, you shouldnt make a short summary of what has been said, but rather make a short analysis of the problem under consideration. Pay enough attention to the sources you use. They should be trusted and reliable. One more thing to keep in mind is proper citation style (APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago/Turabian). Your language shouldnt be spoken. Keep it academic and avoid all kinds of jargon and slang words. Your essay should be grammatically correct to earn a good grade. After youve done everything mentioned above, and your draft copy is ready, you can start proofreading it. It would be great if you did it twice because there are mistakes that can remain unnoticed. As you can see, writing a top-notch essay is a challenging task. For some people it can be a real trouble because of some reasons. It may be a lack of time, experience, or confidence. Would you like anybody to help you? If your answer is yes, you may be interested in our custom writing service. Order a custom essay from us and let us deal with your task.

Solar renewable energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Solar renewable energy - Research Paper Example Solar energy is the energy that comes from the sun in the solar radiation form which is used in heating or generation of electricity. To generate electricity using solar powered electricity generation system, one requires using photovoltaic or heat engines known as concentrated solar power. Some of the most common solar applications include solar cooling using solar architecture, lighting, heating of the space, solar cooking, high temperature industrial process heating and solar water heating application among others. There exists a broader solar technology classification into active and passive solar which depends on how they are captured. The practice that uses photovoltaic panels and thermal collectors to harness the solar energy is referred to as active technique while the technique that orientates the building to the sun, selects materials that possess good thermal mass or favorable light dispersing properties and design light pathways that circulates air naturally, is known as a passive technique.By the year 2100, the world population will be in excess of twelve billion people. This will push subsequently push the world’s energy requirement to be five times the current demand if the technological progress and innovation keep up with its current trend. If the current rate with which we utilize coal, gas and oil continues, the global temperature will increase by two degrees Celsius by 2020. This will cause adverse effects such as increased flooding in the lowland areas., desertification and climate change all over the world. While it is known for a fact that renewable energy contributes to only 11% of our primary energy consumption in the world today, and we really want to do something to save our planet, then this renewable energy must form part of our daily energy consumption. We are highly expecting that by 2070, 60% of our energy will come from renewable energy. We need to employ the attitude that today is better than tomorrow and the sooner we d o that, the better to raise this figure by 20% so as to reach 80% by2070. According to one of the World Renewable Energy Network (WREN) journals, several bodies including the World Solar Summit, the World Bank and the World Solar Decade have come up in support of the projects dealing with the renewable energy and the environment conservation which can be seen by their recent over four billion dollar allocations towards the same. This can clearly show how important renewable energy is viewed from the face of the world as the new source of power for the future. This research therefore tries to discover the merits and demerits of the renewable energy and especially solar energy, the fundamental principles of renewable energy, how we try to apply science and technology in our efforts to conserve the environment as well as how we can carry out solar water heating in our efforts to go to renewable energy. Solar renewable energy (Fundamental principles of renewable energy) From the definitions of renewable and non-renewable energies, the fundamental differences can be pinpointed. Consequently, there must be a correct application of certain principles for

Is Global Warming a Scam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is Global Warming a Scam - Research Paper Example This report stresses that since nothing has proved beyond doubt that the carbon dioxide and other toxic gases causes to the atmosphere. Most of the reliable sources of temperature data show no global warming trend. All predictions of global warming are based on computer models, which is incapable of predicting the history. Global warming data has historical importance and hence it should be analyzed based on the history as well. â€Å"A modest amount of global warming, should it occur, would be beneficial to the natural world and to human civilization. Efforts to quickly reduce human greenhouse gas emissions would be costly and would not stop Earth’s climate from changing. Even the governments are spending billions of dollars in the researches of global warming. Moreover these scientists succeeded in threatening the world population and thus the governments forced to allocate more money to the researches in this field which were looted by some greedy politicians and scientist s. This paper makes a conclusion that the increased amount of carbon dioxide causing global warming. In fact the amount of increased Co2 in atmosphere caused by human activities is negligible compared to the increase in atmospheric temperature. The changes caused in Sun are the main reason behind the atmospheric temperature increase. It is evident from the climate changes in other planets that sun is the villain, not the human being on earth which causes global warming. The global warming subject is a huge scam developed by some politicians and scientists to rob the wealth of common people.

The basis of scientific research in pharmacy or biomedical sciences Essay

The basis of scientific research in pharmacy or biomedical sciences - Essay Example Specifically, the field of biomedical research is one of the sectors that have caused highest number of controversies and ethical issues due to its direct relation with human race and its environment. In the result, theorists and experts (Mepham, pp. 23-39, 2006) have come up with different approaches and methods to resolve issues in decision-making process related to ethical conflicts. In this regard, Ethical matrix (Mepham, pp. 23-39, 2006) is one of the analytical tools of applied ethics that enable individuals, organizations, etc to analyze and scrutinize any issue, in order to come up with a consensus based on ethical understandings. Analysis of ethical matrix has indicated that it has been very beneficial in the establishment of a basic structure needed especially in the field of biosciences and biomedical research. In particular, Ethical matrix resolves the issue by focusing on two components/categories: a set of principles and a list of agents/stakeholders. With the first cat egory of principles, Ethical matrix reemphasizes the significance of principles of morality that allows the decision-maker to come to a decision in an ethical manner. On the other hand, the other category gives value and importance to stakeholders and their opinions (Deane, pp. 51-57, 2009) regarding different biomedical or scientific procedures and processes that play a critical role in coming up with the most efficient ethical decision with the consensus of all the stakeholders. In order to understand the ethical matrix usable for human volunteers in biomedical research, it is essential to comprehend the first category in detail. In particular, ethical matrix has identified three principles that revolve around the notion of respect for â€Å"wellbeing, autonomy, and fairness† (Deane, pp. 62-68, 2009), which then integrate with second category of the matrix: interests of the stakeholders. Analysis has pointed out that few ethical theories have played crucial role in creation of the ethical matrix: â€Å"utilitarianism (wellbeing), deontology (autonomy), and utilitarianism-deontology (fairness)† (Deane, pp. 51-57, 2009). From this aspect of ethical matrix, one can observe pluralism of its theoretical framework that indicates the wide-ranging applicability of the ethical matrix that is one of the major reasons of significance of ethical matrix in biomedical sciences and scientific research. Now, the discussion will include an example of utilization of ethical matrix in one of the biomedical issues that will be efficient in its understanding in a broad manner. The issue is regarding an innovative research in the field of biomedical research that has indicated the possibility of implantation of a chip in all the citizens that will enable the healthcare organizations to record health history of individuals in their individual electronic chips in their bodies. This will eliminate need of all the paperwork, as healthcare provider will only be scanning chips to know about individual’s health and will then be uploading updated information after the treatment for future purposes. This innovative technology

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that an action is right if it produces, or if it tends to produce, the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action. Otherwise the action is wrong.  This cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. People in business theory use utility curves to plot the results of various actions, choosing those that maximize whatever it is that they wish to achieve. This utility approach is not foreign to most people. It is widely used in many forms of general decision making and can be applied to moral issues as well as to strictly business issues. A defense of utilitarianism as an ethical theory is that it describes what rational people actually do in making moral decisions. It explicitly formulates for them the procedures they intuitively and spontaneously use in moral reasoning. The theory renders explicit what is implicit in the ordinary moral reasoning and argumentation that we ourselves use Utilitarianism adopts a teleological approach to ethics and claims that actions are to be judged by their consequences. According to this view, actions are not good or bad in themselves. Actions take on moral value only when considered in conjunction with the effects that follow upon them. Act utilitarianism holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its detail, is what should be subjected to the utilitarian test. Rule utilitarians hold that utility applies appropriately to classes of actions rather than to given individual actions. Thus, by looking at the general consequences of breaking contracts in the past, we can determine that breaking contracts is immoral. One objection claims that utilitarianism is ungodly because it proposes utility, rather than the Bible or God, as a basis for moral judgments. A second objection frequently brought against utilitarianism is that no one has the time to calculate all the consequences of an action beforehand. A third objection to utilitarianism is that we cannot know the full results of any action, nor can we accurately weigh the different kinds of good and evil that result. The calculation is artificial and not practical. 1.Accurately state the action to be evaluated. 2.Identify all those who are directly and indirectly affected by the action. 3.Consider whether there is some dominant, obvious consideration that carries such importance as to outweigh other considerations. 4.Specify all the pertinent good and bad consequences of the action for those directly affected, as far into the future as appears appropriate, and imaginatively consider various possible outcomes and the likelihood of their occurring. 5.Weigh the total good results against the total bad results, considering quantity, duration, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, and purity for each value (kind of good and kind of bad), and the relative importance of these values. 6.Carry out a similar analysis, if necessary, for those indirectly affected, as well as for society as a whole. 7.Sum up all the good and bad consequences. If the action produces more good than bad, the action is morally right; if it produces more bad than good, it is morally wrong. 8.Consider, imaginatively, whether there are various alternatives other than simply doing or not doing the action, and carry out a similar analysis for each of the other alternative actions. 9.Compare the results of the various actions. The action that produces the most good (or the least bad, if none produces more good than bad) among those available is the morally proper action to perform Bribery in business is an interesting kind of action to examine from a utilitarian point of view, because those who engage in bribery frequently justify their actions based on something similar to utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism, far from being a self-serving approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. It is a widely used—but often misused—approach to moral evaluation. A powerful tool of moral reasoning, it is a technique well worth mastering. An Airplane Manufacturing Case An airplane manufacturer has spent a great deal of money developing a new airplane. The company badly needs cash because it is financially overextended. If it does not get some large orders soon, it will have to close down part of its operation. Doing that will put several thousand workers out of jobs. The president of the company bribes a foreign minister to insure the purchase of the planes, arguing that the good done overall justifies the use of bribery.

Computer Networks And The Domain Name System Information Technology Essay

Computer Networks And The Domain Name System Information Technology Essay Also popularly known as DNS which is the abbreviation for Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system and an internet service that translates domain names into IP addresses. Alphabetic nature to these domain names makes us easier to understand while IP address with numbers and points can be difficult to remember. But Ultimately IP address is needed on the internet, therefore the DNS service translates the domain name into the corresponding IP address every time we use the domain names. Example: If the Domain name is www.example.com It contains the domain name example.com It might translate to:- 198.105.232.4 The emails address also carries the domain name such [emailprotected] How important is Domain Name Server to the Internet? It wont be wrong if we say that Internet would shut down very quickly without DNS, it is by far the largest, most active and efficient distributed databases in the planet. Domain name servers, or DNS, are an incredibly important but completely hidden part of the internet. If we spent any time of internet surfing, sending mails we are actually using domain name servers without even realizing it. Importance of DNS: The Domain Name System was Created in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris . It is the domain name system through which the World Wide Web, hyperlinks and internet contact information remain consistent and constant even if the arrangement of internet routing changes or the person uses another device such as mobile. People take advantage of this technique when they use meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and e-mail addresses without having to know how the computer actually locates them/translates them, making it a hidden feature on the internet. DNS Server: Domain Name Server is a server that stores the DNS records, such as:- address (A) records, name server (NS) records, mail exchanger (MX) records for a domain name And then responds with answers to queries against its database. The Mechanism! The Domain Name System is basic requirement for the internet as it provides a worldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service. The Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated. The Domain Name System also defines the technical underpinnings of the functionality of this database service. For this purpose it defines the DNS protocol, a detailed specification of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite. Domain Name Formulation: Domain name is divided into one or more parts, which is technically called labels that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as example.com The right most labels tell us the top-level domain like in www.example.com belongs to the top level domain com. The hierarchy of domains descends from right to left; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or subdomain of the domain to the right. For example: the label example specifies a subdomain of the com domain, and www is a sub domain of example.com. This tree of subdivisions may consist of 127 levels. Each label may contain up to 63 characters. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 characters. In practice, some domain registries may have shorter limits. DNS names may technically consist of any character representable in an octet. The characters allowed in a label are a subset of the ASCII character set, and includes the characters a through z, A through Z, digits 0 through 9, and the hyphen. This rule is known as the LDH rule (letters, digits, hyphen). Domain names are interpreted in case-independent manner. Labels may not start or end with a hyphen . A hostname is a domain name that has at least one IP address associated. For example, the domain names www.example.com and example.com are also hostnames, whereas the com domain is not. Operations: Before understanding the Operation first we should know what is DNS Resolver, it is the client-side of a DNS. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address. Now lets focus on the Operation which uses the address resolution mechanism in which Domain name resolvers determine the appropriate domain name servers responsible for the domain name in question by a sequence of queries starting with the right-most (top-level) domain label. The process entails: 1. A system that needs to use the DNS is configured with the known addresses of the root servers. This is often stored in a file of root hints, which are updated periodically by an administrator from a reliable source. 2. Query one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the top-level domain. 3. Query the obtained TLD DNS server for the address of a DNS server authoritative for the second-level domain. 4. Repeating the previous step to process each domain name label in sequence, until the final step which would, rather than generating the address of the next DNS server, return the IP address of the host sought. Protocol details: DNS primarily uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port number 53 to serve requests. DNS queries consist of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. TCP protocol which stands for Transmission Control Protocol is used when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes, or for tasks such as zone transfers. Conclusion: Doing the Research for this term report I was able to know about the DNS which is essential part of the internet functionality but is hidden from us, it has made our life easier as we dont need to remember the IP address and we just have to recite the alphabetical name and DNS itself translates it to the IP address. This Mechanism has surely made things more easier and efficient.